1. Modals auxiliary verbs are a very complex area of English
grammar, so in this quick guide we will not be able to go into much detail, but
we will at least get an overall idea of what their function is in a sentence.
In an earlier section of this guide we looked at how the verb phrase can be
broken down into its constituent parts and we noted that one of these parts was
called amodal auxiliary verb. Just to remind you of the previous examples, a section
of the chart has been reproduced below
example :
He should be here by now.
I could swim quite well when I was younger.
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Complex Modal verbs are common auxiliary verbs in Germanic
languages including English that indicate modality. Modality is the grammaticalized
expression of the subjective attitudes and opinions of the speaker including
possibility, probability, necessity, obligation, permissibility, ability,
desire, and contingency.
example :
i can sepak english.
can i go to cinema?
Epistemic modality is a sub-type of linguistic modality that
deals with a speaker's evaluation/judgment of, degree of confidence in, or
belief of the knowledge upon which a proposition is based. In other words,
epistemic modality refers to the way speakers communicate their doubts,
certainties, and guesses—their "modes of knowing". More technically,
epistemic modality may be defined "...as (the linguistic expression of) an
evaluation of the chances that a certain hypothetical state of affairs under
consideration (or some aspect of it) will occur, is occurring, or has occurred
in a possible world which serves as the universe of interpretation for the
evaluation process
example :
I doubt that it rained yesterday
I heard that it rained yesterday
Periphrastic is a device by which grammatical meaning is
expressed by one or more free morphemes(typically one or more function words
accompanying a content word), instead of by inflectional affixes or derivation.
Periphrastic forms are analytic, whereas the absence of periphrasis is a
characteristic of synthesis. While periphrasis concerns all categories of
syntax, it is most visible with verb catenae. The verb catenae of English are
highly periphrastic
example :
You may not smoke in restaurants in this state.
You are not allowed/are not permitted to smoke in
restaurants
2. A relative clause is a kind of subordinate clause that
contains an element whose interpretation is provided by anantecedent on which
the subordinate clause is grammatically dependent; that is, there is an
anaphoric relation between the relativized element in the relative clause, and
the antecedent on which it depends.
(Clause after the object)
She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought.
We went to the village (which / that) Lucy recommended.
John met a woman (who / that) I had been to school with.
The police arrested a man (who / that) Jill worked with.
(Clause after the subject)
The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen.
The university (which / that) she likes is famous.
The woman (who / that) my brother loves is from Mexico.
The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked lives in New
York.
For example (clause after the object of the sentence):
I'm looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer
well.
She has a son who / that is a doctor.
We bought a house which / that is 200 years old.
I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later.
More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence):
The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.
The man who / that phoned is my brother.
The camera which / that costs £100 is over there.
The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London.
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